What is LNG? turning natural gas into liquid : shale gas and hydraulic fracturing explained by videos

       

             Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH₄) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless,colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F); maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi).

What is LNG? Turning natural gas into liquid.

Specially designed cryogenic sea vessels (LNG carriers) or cryogenic road tankers are used for its transport. 

LPG importers concerned over freeze on rates the news article

What’s the difference between CNG, LNG, LPG and Hydrogen? provided and composed by sir nofil safwan

The following is a brief summary highlighting the main differences of these fuels. Much more comprehensive details of the fuel properties and compositions is available from other web sources and online databases.

Compressed Natural Gas or CNG is stored on the vehicle in high-pressure tanks - 20 to 25 MPa (200 to 250 bar, or 3,000 to 3,600 psi). Natural gas consists mostly of methane and is drawn from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. As delivered through the pipeline system, it also contains hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane as well as other gases such as nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, sulphur compounds, and water vapour. A sulphur-based odourant is normally added to CNG to facilitate leak detection. Natural gas is lighter than air and thus will normally dissipate in the case of a leak, giving it a significant safety advantage over gasoline or LPG.
Liquefied Natural Gas or LNG is natural gas stored as a super-cooled (cryogenic) liquid. The temperature required to condense natural gas depends on its precise composition, but it is typically between -120 and -170°C (-184 and –274°F). The advantage of LNG is that it offers an energy density comparable to petrol and diesel fuels, extending range and reducing refuelling frequency.

The disadvantage, however, is the high cost of cryogenic storage on vehicles and the major infrastructure requirement of LNG dispensing stations, production plants and transportation facilities. LNG has begun to find its place in heavy-duty applications in places like the US, Japan, the UK and some countries in Europe. For many developing nations, this is currently not a practical option.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG (also called Autogas) consists mainly of propane, propylene, butane, and butylene in various mixtures. It is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The components of LPG are gases at normal temperatures and pressures. One challenge with LPG is that it can vary widely in composition, leading to variable engine performance and cold starting performance. At normal temperatures and pressures, LPG will evaporate. Because of this, LPG is stored in pressurised steel bottles. Unlike natural gas, LPG is heavier than air, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. Such accumulations can cause explosion hazards, and are the reason that LPG fuelled vehicles are prohibited from indoor parkades in many jurisdictions.

RECENT  FINDINGS IN PAKISTAN ABOUT LNG?

ISLAMABAD: In a fresh twist to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) saga, the Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited (SNGPL) has refused to provide gas to Universal Development Gas Company (UGDC), an umbrella company of CNG stations, and has asked individual gas stations to import the commodity through Pakistan State Oil (PSO).

Interestingly, the SNGPL has asked the CNG sector to make advance payments, open letters of credit (LCs) for LNG import and transfer its title to SNGPL which should then sell the commodity back to CNG stations at a price to be notified by Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (Ogra).

WHAT IS SHALE GAS?

Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. In 2000 shale gas provided only 1% of U.S. natural gas production; by 2010 it was over 20% and the U.S. government's Energy Information Administration predicts that by 2035, 46% of the United States' natural gas supply will come from shale gas.

countries potential of having shale gas and oil deposit

What is hydraulic Fracturing?

Hydraulic fracturing (also hydrofracturing, hydrofracking, fracking orfraccing), is a well-stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by ahydraulically pressurized liquid made of water, sand, and chemicals. Some hydraulic fractures form naturally—certain veins or dikes are examples. A high-pressure fluid (usually chemicals and sand suspended in water) is injected into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open.

VIDEO showing how shale gas is obtained from hydraulic fracturing:

source:

• thanks to sheer dedication of sir nofil to share such knowledge and inspiring everyone to think of the topic and to have some worm about on it. 
• thanks to YOUPAK video shared by Sir nofil on hydraulic fracturing tech.
• wikipedia 
• dawn article LNG saga takes new turn
• playit.pk for providing video on LNG formation.