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For almost 13 centuries, from the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 to the overthrow of the last Ottoman caliph in 1924, the Islamic world was ruled by a caliph. Translated from the Arabic ‘Khalifa’, the word ‘caliph’ means successor or deputy. The caliph was considered the successor to the Prophet Muhammad. It is a term that has, at times, been abused. In June 2014, an armed group calling itself the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (known as ISIL or ISIS) declared the establishment of a caliphate and proclaimed its leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, a caliph. This proclamation was rejected by the overwhelming majority of the world’s Muslims.

                                      Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) was an Indian Moslem poet and political philosopher. His fame rests on both his poetry and his formulation of ideas that were influential in the creation of Pakistan. Muhammad Iqbal was born in Sialkot, Punjab, probably in 1877, although there is some uncertainty about the year of his birth. He graduated from Government College, Lahore, in 1899 with a master's degree in philosophy. He taught there until 1905, while establishing his reputation as an Urdu poet. During this period his poetry expressed an ardent Indian nationalism, but a marked change came over his views between 1905 and 1908, when he was studying for his doctorate at Cambridge University, visiting German universities, and qualifying as a barrister. ALLAMA IQBAL (BANNED DOCUMENTRY) Dr. Annemarie Schimmel on Allama Muhammad Iqbal ...

source = wikipedia and various sources Q/ What do you know about imperialism, Capitalism, socialism,  radicalism, Zionism  fascism, communism, anarchism, pragmatism, existentialism and syndicalism ? The ism is defined as  a distinctive practice, system, or philosophy, typically a political ideology or an artistic movement. or simply it is a Doctrine of the thing it get attached to. like Confucianism, pen-Islamism, taoism etc Imperialism Imperialism  originated from the Latin word "imperium" meaning to rule over large territories. Imperialism is "a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means"    Lewis Samuel Feuer  identifies two major subtypes of imperialism;