CSS, PCS, ISSB and other Competitive examination preparation

There are two important elements for writing the history of any land: the availability of basic sources, and the presence of professional and trained historians. The modern historiography of Sindh was introduced during the British rule when the Historical Society of Sindh was founded with the purpose of reconstructing the history of Sindh. The Society held regular meetings where the members presented research papers on different aspects of history, as well as published a historical journal which contained well-researched papers, thus contributing immensely to recording the history of Sindh. Sadly, the Society and the journal discontinued after Partition. However, in its early period, the Sindhi Adabi Board published some material originally available in Persian, after careful editing of the manuscripts. In this respect the Board’s efforts are commendable. The Board had planned to publish the history of Sindh in nine volumes. However, the goal could not be accomplished and only ...

Being a repository of past events, history preserves the record of those individuals who played an important role in shaping the history of their time and are resurrected and used from time to time by politicians to accomplish their interests. In the subcontinent, Akbar and Aurangzeb contributed significantly in creating social and political orders, although both were antithetical to each other. Akbar was a believer of Sulh-i-kul (peace with all), tolerant to followers of all religions. He made attempts to cut off cultural relations with Central Asia and Indianise the Mughal court by adopting Indian customs, traditions and festivals. On the other hand, Aurangzeb tried to subvert this policy and Islamise the Mughal State by introducing Islamic provisions. The role of these two emperors was analysed critically during the colonial period and in the process of the freedom struggle. When in the 1920s Indian history was communalised, Aurangzeb was considered as an orthodox Muslim r...

Generally, history remembers the victor and forgets the vanquished. However, in some cases to project the image of the winner, his qualities are highlighted while his opponents are downgraded for being inexperienced, incapable and incompetent. In other cases, the loser is projected as energetic and talented but nevertheless unable to defeat his opponent who might have triumphed solely through his determination. In the third case, the loser is completely ignored or treated ignominiously and fails to achieve a place in history. Contemporary historians present Aurangzeb as a brave, dashing and shrewd politician and diplomat. One who could foresee the advent of the civil war and therefore made sure that he was prepared for it by maintaining good relations with influential Mughal nobles and winning over his younger brother Murad, who was a valiant and dauntless warrior. On the other hand, Dara Shikoh does not get favourably treated in the chronicles of history as he lost the battl...

Language is a repository of social and cultural values and traditions. It reflects ideas, concepts, sensibilities and the mindset of a society. Literature in a certain language indicates its richness and dynamism. If a language fails to produce any original literature and there is no addition of new vocabulary and terminology, it shows how stagnant the society is. It is the responsibility of intellectuals to enrich a language with new ideas and create linguistic consciousness in a nation. Linguistic nationalism plays an important role in uniting scattered cultural groups and shaping them into a nation. After the French Revolution of 1789, the revolutionary government made French the national language and forcibly wiped out other languages in order to unify all linguistic groups. Another example is of Germany which was divided into many small principalities and petty states until its intellectuals and thinkers made efforts to create a national consciousness by enriching the Ge...

Water is known as theuniversal solvent. Here is an explanation of why water is called the universal solvent and what properties make it good at dissolving other substances. Answer:  Water is called the  universal solvent  because more substances dissolve in water than in any other chemical. This has to do with the polarity of each water molecule. The hydrogen side of each water (H 2 O) molecule carries a slight positive electric charge, while the oxygen side carries a slight negative electric charge. This helps water dissociate ionic compounds into their positive and negative ions. The positive part of an ionic compound is attracted to the oxygen side of water while the negative portion of the compound is attracted to the hydrogen side of water. Despite its name as the "universal solvent" there are many compounds water won't dissolve or won't dissolve well. If the attraction is high between the opposite-charged ions in a compound, then the solubility...

The unbelieving Quraish of Makkah were in the habit of putting before the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) questions on Christian and Jewish religious issues. They thought that the Prophet (PBUH) could not answer them and thus they could embarrass him. One of those questions was about the Christian legend of the seven sleepers of Ephesus. The Prophet (PBUH) told them the story in outlines pointing out its spiritual lessons.  Ephesus was the famous capital of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) under the Roman emperors. Under the Pagan Romans, the Christians were persecuted for their belief in one Allah. There lived in the city a group of young, high-spirited Christians. These youths protested against paganism and declared publicly, “Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth. These our people have taken for worship gods other than Him. Who doth more wrong than such as invent a falsehood against Allah?” After such a public denouncement of the Pagan gods, it could not be sa...

                      Instead of asking Significance of technology i would rather ask, Where are we heading with all these Technologies?, although, i confess i am beneficiary of technology and knowing it so closely, It can be said how much adverse effects it would have in the future, I think i should here clear my stand first, I am here not Opposing technology itself but the way in future we Human could turn this blessing of today into nightmare of to-marrow.            Technology has concentrated itself to 5 inch long formula " Less Effort = More work ", Technology had in past and present reshaped millions of lives, Now with passage of time slowly and gradually we are heading towards "AI GENERATION", From AI i mean Artificial intelligence - a code of programming which will enable machines to have their own human intelligence- or simply human decision making power, USA is alread...

Abdus Salam was born in 1926 in jhang, Pakistan. His father was an official in the Department of Education. Wen he cycledh home from Lahore, at the age of 14, after gaining the highest marks ever recorded for the Matriculation Examination at the University of the Punjab, the whole town turned out to welcome him. He won a scholarship to Government College, University of the Punjab, and took his MA in 1946. In the same year he was awarded a scholarship to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took a BA (honours) with a double First in mathematics and physics in 1949. In 1950, he received the Smith's Prize from Cambridge University for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to physics. He also obtained a PhD in theoretical physics at Cambridge; his thesis, published in 1951, contained fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics which had already gained him an international reputation. Salam returned to Pakistan in 1951 to teach mathematics at Government College, ...

The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement. This treaty established a military alliance, later to become the Western European Union. However, American participation was thought necessary in order to counter the military power of the Soviet Union, and therefore talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately. These talks resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the Treaty of Brussels, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Three years later, on 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined. WHAT IS NATO ?  . “The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each...

Prophet Ibrahim had settled his wife and son in the valley of Makkah by God's order to begin a civilization. It was from this civilization that the Prophet Mohammed (Peace be upon him) was born. Prophet's Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his beloved son Ismail for the sake of God exemplifies not only his sincere devotion to God. The commemoration of this sacrifice is practiced with the sacrifice of an animal during Hajj and one of the two Islamic holy days: Eid-ul-Adha. Some of the People of the Book stated that his name was Abraham Ibn Tarikh, Ibn Nahur, Ibn Sarough, Ibn Raghu, Ibn Phaligh, Ibn Aher, Ibn Shalih, Ibn Arfghshand, Ibn Sam, Ibn Noah. Ibrahim AS [The Friend Of Allah] ᴴᴰ He was endowed with spiritual understanding from an early age. Allah enlightened his heart and mind gave him wisdom from childhood. Allah the Almighty stated: Indeed We bestowed aforetime on Abraham his (portion of) guidance, and We were Well Acquainted with him( as to his Belief...

“Every organisational unit is a direct reflection of the leadership it’s been given, whether good or bad.” For more than 50 years the name Peter Drucker has been synonymous with management and leadership issues. Drucker, an author, professor and consultant, has long been recognized as the father of modern management. Forbes has called him “the most perceptive observer of the American scene since Alexis de Tocqueville.” What Makes A Leader? Thankfully for most of us, Drucker has observed that there is no such thing as a “leadership personality,” as leaders come in all flavours, styles and temperaments. This is because it’s what a leader knows, does and is that spells effectiveness. In an interview with Bob Buford of Leadership Network, Drucker made the following observations on leadership: 1.    The mission comes first. And the mission of all non-profits, including churches, is changed lives! 2.    The function of management (in a church) is to m...